Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 178
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UL 508 A Short Circuit Current Ratings (.pdf)
The subject of short circuit current ratings, otherwise known as the SCCR, has been gaining increasing international awareness since the publication of the 2005 Edition of ANSI/NFPA 70 by the National...(read more)
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Why Surge Protection is Necessary (.pdf)
Modern industrial, commercial, and residential life depend on the availability of electricity. The electricity supplied must be at a level of quality to facilitate efficient performance of today's...(read more)
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2010 Power Quality Forecast (.pdf)
Power quality -- or, simply, the usability of electric power -- is of vital concern to modern life. A natural question to ask is: Will power quality improve -- or worsen -- in the near future? A look...(read more)
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Danfoss Components Chosen for South Africa's Bakeries
When Jvtronic Supplies (PTY) Ltd, an authorised Danfoss contractor and distributor in South Africa, was asked to produce panels for a bakery, their first choice of supplier was Danfoss...(read more)
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Danfoss: a Key Part of North America's Wind Energy Solution
According to the Global Wind Energy Council, over 20 percent of US electric power could come from wind by 2030, reducing the use of natural gas by over 10 percent. This is welcome news for the...(read more)
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Major Mobile Hydraulic Customers Switch to MBS 1350
In the mobile hydraulic industry, manufacturers are moving away from mechanical switches for their transmission and leg stability systems in favour of electronic switches. The change in preference is...(read more)
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Technical Article: Fixing High Voltage - Overvoltage Problems (.pdf)
Overly high voltage levels can be detrimental to electrical devices, particularly electronics. However, voltages that are slightly above nominal may improve the efficiency of some devices like motors...(read more)
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CT Safety: How to Avoid the Serious Dangers of Improperly Installing CTs
Customers often ask why we don't recommend installing our CTs on uninsulated conductors when the insulation rating of the CT is 600 volts. This question most often arises when dealing with large...(read more)
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Using Current Monitoring for Load Analysis
Monitoring electrical current flow is an excellent method of gauging the performance of motor-driven devices (such as fans, pumps, and chillers) controlled by a building automation system (BAS)....(read more)
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Technical Article: Fixing Low Voltage - Undervoltage Problems (.pdf)
Chronic low voltage is a common problem that can affect any electric customer. The causes of this power quality problem are relatively easy to identify but potential energy saving measures could make...(read more)
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DC Surge Protection: The Need for DC Protection at Communications Sites (.pdf)
Electrical distribution systems have not changed significantly in decades. Conversely, electrical and electronic equipment have continued to become more complicated and susceptible to surge damage....(read more)
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Evaluating Selective Coordination Between Current-Limiting Fuses and Non Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers (.pdf)
System downtime is reduced when overcurrent protective devices are selectively coordinated. Designers should strive to limit the outage to only that circuit which is overloaded or which has faulted in...(read more)
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Automobile Harness Protection (.pdf)
In order to reduce warranty repair costs and improve user satisfaction, vehicle manufacturers must find increasingly efficient solutions to help protect many power functions against damage from...(read more)
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Circuit Protection Considerations for Automotive Information Busses (.pdf)
New passenger cars, trucks, buses, trains and even motorcycles have become mobile networks, connecting a wide variety of features and functions, including embedded controls, mobile media, and wireless...(read more)
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Circuit Protection Solution for Lithium Cells (.pdf)
Primary lithium cells (i.e., AA and 2/3A) and rechargeable lithium cells (i.e., 18650, 17500, and prismatic) are used in many portable electronics applications, such as laptop or notebook computers....(read more)
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Circuit Protection Solutions for DisplayPort Interface (.pdf)
To conform to current and emerging communications requirements and provide safe, reliable operation, display interfaces must be protected from circuit damage caused by power variations and harsh...(read more)
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Circuit Protection Solutions for Security and Fire Alarm Systems (.pdf)
Security and fire alarm systems are designed for operation within specified current and voltage ratings. If these ratings are exceeded, due to short-circuit or voltage transients, components may...(read more)
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Controlling Static Hazards In Combustible Dust Atmospheres (.pdf)
In 2006, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board published the findings of a major study outlining the scale and devastating consequences of combustible dust cloud explosions that have occurred between 1980...(read more)
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Coordinated Circuit Protection Helps Manufacturers Meet Requirements of GR-1089-CORE, ISSUE 4 (.pdf)
Tyco Electronics' circuit protection group designs and manufactures components that help equipment manufacturers comply with published safety and performance standards. It is also actively involved in...(read more)
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Coordinated Circuit Protection Strategies Help Prevent Damage to USB Charger Systems and Portable Electronics (.pdf)
For portable consumer electronics, USB (Universal Serial Bus) has become the most popular and pervasive connectivity technology. As the adoption of this standard has grown, USB connected devices have...(read more)
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Gas Discharge Tubes Help Protect VDSL Equipment and xDSL Splitters (.pdf)
VDSL (very-high-speed digital subscriber line) technology is similar to the well-known ADSL, and facilitates the delivery of information at speeds of up to 52 Mb/s. Standard VDSL deployment uses a...(read more)
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Grounding Clamps & Cables - Essentials for Safety and Reliability (.pdf)
Grounding (also known as Earthing) clamps connected via cables to identified ground points are the established and proven method of preventing electrostatic charge accumulating on moveable or fixed...(read more)
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HDMI ESD Protection without Sacrificing Performance (.pdf)
The newest high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) 1.3 standard doubles the previous HDMI 1.0 - 1.2 data rate to 3.4Gbps per differential signal pair. This increased data rate introduces new...(read more)
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IEEE 1725-2006: Standard for Rechargeable Batteries in Cellular Telephones (.pdf)
As a result of consumer concern regarding battery safety, the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA), in partnership with leading cellular network operators, has developed a...(read more)
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Integrated Circuit Protection Helps Protect Low-Power Systems (.pdf)
Integrated circuit protection devices can help protect industrial equipment from overcurrent, overtemperature, overvoltage and ESD damage. Read the rest of the story......(read more)
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Multi-layer Slow Blow Fuses Help Protect Automotive Infotainment (.pdf)
Automotive infotainment designs must provide adequate power protection over an increasingly broad range of voltages, currents and temperatures. While the manufacturer's primary design goal may be to...(read more)
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PolySwitch Mini-terminal Bladed Device Helps Protect Automotive Wire Harnesses, Motors and Actuators (.pdf)
The PolySwitch BD280 mini-terminal bladed device is suitable for one-to-one replacement of plug-in automotive mini fuses and bimetal circuit breakers. The device offers a no-moving-parts design, and a...(read more)
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PolySwitch Resettable Devices Help Protect Automotive Driver-Side Control Switch Consoles (.pdf)
The switch console on the driver-side door allows control of multiple functions, including up and down control for all four windows, side mirror control, and the power door lock. Automakers must...(read more)
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PolySwitch Strap Devices Help Protect Rechargeable Battery Packs (.pdf)
Rechargeable battery packs, such as those used to power mobile phones, digital cameras and other handheld devices, are particularly sensitive to overcurrent and overtemperature conditions caused by...(read more)
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Protecting PoE Equipment from Overvoltage and Overcurrent Damage (.pdf)
The evolution of Power over Ethernet (PoE) continues to expand the functionality of Ethernet technology by supplying reliable DC power over the same cables that currently carry Ethernet data....(read more)
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Truck/Bus Harness Protection in 24V Battery Systems (.pdf)
Optimized vehicle harness architecture has a hierarchal structure resembling that of a tree with its main power trunks dividing into smaller and smaller branches that use overcurrent protection at...(read more)
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Hunting Mighty milliWatts (.pdf)
What is a Mighty Milliwatt (MmW)? Small amounts of resistive energy losses converted to heat from electrical circuit elements in high power electrical systems, usually at connections, manifested as...(read more)
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How To Select and Specify Cordsets for International Markets (.pdf)
Markets for electrical and electronic equipment are truly global and, because of this, more competitive than ever before. Manufacturers know that in order to prosper-and in some cases to survive-they...(read more)
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Ceramic EMI Filters - A Review (.pdf)
The discoidal feed-through capacitor, a unique configuration of a ceramic multilayer chip, is utilized as an EMI suppression device and as an element in EMI feed-through filter assemblies....(read more)
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EMI Filter Design Guide (.pdf)
Selecting an appropriate filter style and type is often a complex task involving many considerations and trade-offs. Some of the factors that have a major impact on designer's selections are: 1. Real...(read more)
- Coaxial Cable Length - When is a Protector Not Required? (pdf)
- Coaxial Cable Protection (pdf)
- Ground Rod Theory Installation
- IX Protector Boards - Multiple Strike Capability
- Lightning Protector Surge Current Ratings
- Multi-Channel Combining Analog and Digital Transmitters
- Shielded Data Cables and Protectors
- Surge Damage to Duplexers and Isolators
- Tower Mounted Electronics Protection
- Tower Ringing During a Lightning Strike
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Achieving Higher Short Circuit Ratings for Industrial Control Panels
Articles 409.110 and 670.3 in the National Electrical Code® require industrial control panels to be clearly marked with a Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR). NEC® recognizes UL 508A, the...(read more)
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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
OSHA's 29 CFR Part 1910.132(d) states: The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective...(read more)
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Enhancing Short Circuit Safety with Type 2 Coordination for Motor Starters
As of April 26, 2006, suppliers of UL listed Industrial Control Panels (ICP) must clearly label the Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR) of each panel so that users can properly apply them per National...(read more)
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Multiple Hazards of Arcing Faults
Based on previous statistics, it's expected that the explosive energy released during arcing faults will send more than 2,000 American workers to burn centers this year. Most of these people will not...(read more)
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Reduce Arc Flash Energies by Reducing Fuse Ampere Rating
Current-limiting fuses can limit arc flash incident energy to low values provided that the arcing fault current exceeds the fuse's threshold current. Threshold current is defined as the lowest...(read more)
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Reduce Arc Flash Energies by Upgrading to A6D Class RK1-Fuses
Arc flash incident energies can often be significantly reduced by simply replacing UL Class RK5, Class K, and Class H fuses with A6D UL Class RK1 fuses. This is an easy and inexpensive solu¬tion,...(read more)
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Reducing Arc Energies with Current Limiting Fuses
Current limiting fuses can reduce both the magnitude and duration of a fault current. A UL Listed, current limiting fuse must clear a short circuit current in less than one half cycle in its current...(read more)
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2008 Code Digest
Cooper Crouse-Hinds has revised its Code Digest for 2008 to meet the needs of design personnel for a ready reference to equipment and installation ideas in hazardous locations. Selected Articles from...(read more)
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Using Purge and Pressurization to Prevent Explosions
We have mentioned in previous articles that there are many types of protection concept. One of the simplest concepts to understand and apply to almost any type of apparatus is purging. Purge,...(read more)
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Coordinated Circuit Protection Helps Meet GR-1089-CORE, Issue 4 Requirements
Tyco Electronics' circuit protection group designs and manufactures components that help equipment manufacturers comply with published safety and performance standards. It is also actively involved in...(read more)
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Inside the Enclosure: Layout Planning is Key
The main reason for enclosing electronic equipment is to protect it from environmental hazards such as dirt, moisture, heat, and abuse. However, placing hardware in a confined space creates other...(read more)
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Alltec Protection Pyramid
p>Alltec Corporation introduces its new ground resistance monitoring product, the GRM2000, which addresses concerns on operator safety and system efficiency. Lightning is an unpredictable act of...(read more)
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The Lightning Phenomenon
Alltec World Headquarters has always been committed to Quality and continuous improvement. We are pleased to share with you that Alltec World Headquarters is in the process of having its quality...(read more)
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Effect of Electrode Orientation in Arc Flash Testing
The arc flash hazard calculation method proposed in IEEE 1584 is based on tests with the arcing electrodes in a vertical plane and the calorimeters arranged at 90° to this plane. In this paper the...(read more)
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Effects of Harmonic Currents on Semiconductor Fuse Ratings
In power electronic applications, proximity and skin effects cause an increase in the resistance of fuse elements and possible unequal sharing of the total current between multiple parallel elements....(read more)
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Improved Method for Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
Conventional arc flash hazard calculators use simple formulae to calculate the flash protection boundary and the incident energy density, but these methods do not represent the effects of the power...(read more)
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Multiple Hazards of Arcing Faults
Based on previous statistics, it's expected that the explosive energy released during arcing faults will send more than 2,000 American workers to burn centers this year. Most of these people will not...(read more)
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Protection of TVSS Systems
Transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSSs) using MOV technology are widely used to protect power systems and components against the effects of transient overvoltages. However MOVs can fail...(read more)
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Basics of ESD Safety
Electrostatic discharge, more commonly known as ESD, appears in many forms. From lightning bolts to a near-invisible spark when touching a piece of metal, there is no single way to encapsulate all of...(read more)
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Technical Considerations for ESD Safety
As device geometries get smaller and processing speeds grow faster, their ESD sensitivity increases. Designers face the challenge of fitting more active component features into smaller chip territory,...(read more)
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White Paper: HDMI ESD Protection Without Sacrificing Performance
The newest high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) 1.3 standard doubles the previous HDMI 1.0 - 1.2 data rate to 3.4Gbps per differential signal pair. This increased data rate introduces new...(read more)
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Infrared (IR) Window Installations into Medium Voltage Switchgear
The intense energy and duration of an electric arc flash represents a very unique exposure. Everyday work clothes made from regular cotton or polyester cotton blended fabrics, regardless of weight,...(read more)
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ATEX - European Moves to Increase Safety in Explosive Atmosphere (.pdf)
After June 30th 2003, two important new safety directives become fully operational across Europe. These new regulations are known as the ATEX Directives (from the French words ATmospheres EXplosibles)...(read more)
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ATEX Directives - The Final Deadline for Compliance (.pdf)
Any new workplace with a Potentially Explosive Atmosphere or an existing one with significant changes to operation had to be compliant immediately after the 30th June 2003 deadline. However, for...(read more)
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New Mobile Bonding Systems (.pdf)
As we have seen in previous issues of Ear to The Ground, it is well known that static electricity can build up to dangerous levels on conductive items of plant and equipment that are isolated from the...(read more)
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Self-Testing Static Grounding Clamp Increases Safety in Hazardous Area (.pdf)
In many branches of the process industries, fires and explosions can result from electrostatic discharge in hazardous areas. Even relatively small static sparks have sufficient energy to ignite many...(read more)
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Electrostatic Terminology, Technical Standards & Glossary
The process of connecting two or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor so that they are at the same electrical potential, but not necessarily at the same potential as the earth. The...(read more)
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Stop Static ..... Staying Safe at the Pump
As we reported in Issue 9 of Ear to the Ground, The American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Petroleum Equipment Institute (PEI) have launched a campaign to raise awareness of the potential fire and...(read more)
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The Evolution of the Standards (.pdf)
We are all familiar with the standards that are used in the chemical and pharmaceutical processing industries. These include market harmonization standards such as ATEX and Codes of practice like...(read more)
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Calculated Risk - the role of electronics in advancing vehicle development
Availability is an essential product requirement. The loss of single components should not diminish the operation of the unit, while stand and repair times should also be as low as possible, so that...(read more)
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Choosing the Correct Flooring for Hazardous/Static-Sensitive Environments (.pdf)
Terms such as "anti-static", "static-dissipative" and "conductive" are often used interchangeably to describe materials which have properties designed to reduce or eliminate problems caused by static...(read more)
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Controlling Static Electricity in Powder Handling Operations (.pdf)
Static electricity is capable of causing many undesirable effects during powder handling operations. The types of industries affected by these problems include chemical, pharmaceutical, paints,...(read more)
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How Much Have You Been Charged? (.pdf)
Previous article in Ear to the Ground have focused on the dangers of charge accumulation on isolated metal objects and on plastic containers. Another area for consideration is the often neglected...(read more)
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Isolated Conductors - The Hidden Danger in Hazardous Areas (.pdf)
When implementing safety measures in hazardous areas, there are many issues to consider for plant, process and personnel safety. Eliminating potential ignition sources is the starting point for this,...(read more)
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Plastics and Insulating Materials - Containing the Risk in Hazardous Areas (.pdf)
Over the past few years, the need to improve efficiency has often led to materials being stored and moved in larger bulk. Today, it is quite common for liquids to be transported in 1000 litre...(read more)
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Road Tanker Transfers: Our Safety Philosophy (.pdf)
Static electricity is a phenomenon many of us are well aware of! To illustrate, Table 1 , whereas Table 2 shows how much charge potential can accumulate on a road tanker. As early as the 1960's...(read more)
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Testing Times: Ongoing Maintenance of Static Control Equipment and Procedures (.pdf)
The basic principles of static control: earthing metal plant, avoidance of ordinary plastics and grounding personnel should be well understood. These subjects were discussed in some detail in "Ear To...(read more)
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The Dangers of Earthing an Already-Charged Object (.pdf)
This article sets out to dispel the myths surrounding "safe" ways to earth an object after it has become inadvertently charged with static electricity in a potentially flammable atmosphere. It draws...(read more)
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What is Anti-Static? Plus the Shocking Facts About Static in Liquids (.pdf)
It is sometimes suggested that an antistatic item is one that will not allow any "static (i.e. any electrostatic charge) to occur. The inference here being that it must, therefore, be safe to use in a...(read more)
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ESD vs Anti-Static vs Dissipative vs Conductive vs Insulative
Materials are divided into these terms based on their individual surface resistance. Surface resistance is a measurement of how easily an electric charge can travel across a medium. Conductive...(read more)
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AMPRON's PTC thermistor for lightning protection and overload protection
A PTC thermistor for lightning protection and overload protection, MZ25-9R0H160, designed by AMPRON, which could withstand a high voltage of 600V and effectively prevent telecom terminal telephone...(read more)
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Circuit Protection of USB 2.0
As USB transmission speeds and communication baud rates between host and peripherals increase, the reliability and robustness of devices when exposed to circuit transients become more important. As...(read more)
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T1/E1/J1 Asymmetrical Protection
The A2106UC6 surface mount SIDACtor® device provides asymmetrical protection for T1/E1 transceivers. Longitudinal events will be limited to voltage levels less than 250 volts and metallic events...(read more)
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T3 Protection
The capacitance across the pair of wires = ( D1 || D2 ) + P0640EC/SC. The diode capacitance is approximately (10 pF || 10 pF ) 20 pF. Then adding the capacitive effect of the P0640EC/SC, which is...(read more)
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Tranformer Oil Purification using Vacuum Dehydration Techniques
Why degas transformer oil? Maybe the first question should be, "why is it important to have purified oil in a transformer?" Dissolved gasses in transformer oil can cause arcing, corona discharges, and...(read more)
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An Overview of Electromagnetic and Lightning Induced Voltage Transients
This Note is an overview of the sources and nature of various transient overvoltages, and the problems that may result. Transients in electrical circuits result from the sudden release of previously...(read more)
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Capitance and Signal Integrity
In previous Technical Briefs, it was introduced that Littelfuse offers a family of ESD suppression technologies including ceramic MultiLayer Varistors (MLV's), silicon (SP72x SCR/Diode and SP05xx TVS...(read more)
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Considerations for Selecting Littelfuse MOVs and Fuses for Industrial Motor Applications
Littelfuse offers specific Varistors and Classes of Fuses to address over-voltage and over-current transients in the Industrial environment. This application area is typically characterized as AC...(read more)
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Data Line Protectors
In many office and industrial locations, data lines (such as RS-232 and ethernet) and AC power lines run in close proximity to each other, which often results in voltage spikes being induced onto the...(read more)
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Designing with Thermally Protected TMOV Varistors in TVSS Applications
Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) are commonly used to suppress transients in many applications such as: Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS), Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), AC Power Taps, AC...(read more)
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ESD Protection IEEE 1394 Data Lines
IEEE 1394 products (PCI adapter cards, hubs/routers, etc.) can be susceptible to ESD events when the cable is disconnected from the data port. The ESD pulse can be introduced directly into the open...(read more)
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ESD Protection USB 2.0 Data Lines
Universal Serial Bus (USB) products (PCI adapter cards, digital cameras, peripherals, etc.) can be susceptible to ESD events when the cable is disconnected from the data port. The ESD pulse can be...(read more)
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Gas Plasma OVP (G.D.T.) Application Notes
The Gas Discharge Tube (G.D.T.) operates as a voltage dependent switch. When a voltage appears across the device which is greater than its breakdown voltage, known as the Sparkover Voltage, an arc...(read more)
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General Purpose ESD Protection
Electronic systems are sensitive to both external and internal sources of overvoltage transients. This can be in the form of external Electro- Static Discharge (ESD) or internally generated Electrical...(read more)
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IEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment
The purpose of the International Electrotechnical Commission lEC 1000-4 (previously known as lEC-801) standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the performance of industrial-process...(read more)
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