Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 245
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Influence of Plastic Deformation on The Integrity and Corrosion Resistance of Tantaline Surface Treatment (.pdf)
Material Selection Resources Inc has been involved in selecting materials for valves and pumps in very harsh environments for its clients. Many of the applications require good corrosion resistance in...(read more)
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Metal Valves for Highly Corrosive Applications (.pdf)
This article highlights important issues to consider when selecting corrosion resistant metal valves for difficult corrosion applications, i.e. applications where standard valves (in steel, in...(read more)
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Tantalum Biocompatability Report (.pdf)
This document reviews literature that presents information pertinent to the issue of tantalum's biocompatibility. The information comes from the scientific literature, from extraction studies...(read more)
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Tantalum Suface Alloying of Parts for Corrosice Hydrogen Production Process (.pdf)
With increasing demand for energy and environmental concerns on the rise, there is a tremendous focus to develop the next generation of energy. Advanced processes for coal, natural gas, and especially...(read more)
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Valves & Specialty Metal Materials (.pdf)
The role of valves in a process is far from insignificant. These components enable engineers to control the vitals of a process: temperature, pressure, concentration, and flow. In some cases, the...(read more)
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Solving the Problems Inherent to Torch Brazing Aluminum (.pdf)
The volatility in the price of copper has removed cost certainty for manufacturers of copper heat-transfer devices. This market instability and the escalating warranty claims associated with formicary...(read more)
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Achieving a Finer Grain Structure Using the Indium Sulfamate Plating Bath (.pdf)
The indium sulfamate plating bath is a common method of depositing pure indium onto conductive metallic surfaces. A relatively common misconception about the bath is that the deposit will have a...(read more)
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Indium Oxide & Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) Coatings (.pdf)
When applied as a coating to glass, mylar or other transparent surface, Indium Oxide and Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) create conductive, highly transparent surfaces which reflect infrared rays while...(read more)
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Proper Surface Preparation For Indium Plating (.pdf)
As in all electroplating processes, proper surface preparation prior to actual electroplating of indium is essential to insure adequate adhesion and coverage of the deposited metal. Indium can be...(read more)
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Prototype Plating Using Indium Sulfamate Plating Bath (.pdf)
Electroplating indium onto various materials allows the evaluation of indium's unique properties. For example, two metallic substrates can be electroplated with indium and subsequently bonded together...(read more)
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Soldering to Aluminum (.pdf)
Pure aluminum and high aluminum alloys quickly form a tenacious, refractory ceramic oxide on the surface that requires special techniques to remove and achieve successful soldering....(read more)
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Soldering to Gold - Alloy Choice and Limitations (.pdf)
Gold is a noble metal and therefore does not oxidize or tarnish to any appreciable extent. In electronics, this property makes gold suitable for a number of uses, including contacts for switches and...(read more)
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Soldering to Nitinol (.pdf)
Nitinol (nickel/titanium alloy) has become an increasingly popular material in the medical industry, largely due to its shape memory characteristics, where it is often used in stents, catheters and...(read more)
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Storage and Handling of Solder Preforms and Fabrications (.pdf)
Solder preforms are manufactured under clean room conditions and packaged in an inert gas to minimize oxidation. Since no container offers complete isolation from oxygen in ambient air, preforms...(read more)
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Determination of Solidus and Liquidus Alloys Temperatures Using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (.pdf)
The solidus temperature is defined as the temperature at which the first deviation from the base line appears (Figure 1). The deviation signals that a phase change is taking place. Thus the solidus...(read more)
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Etching Indium to Remove Oxides (.pdf)
The formation of metal oxides on indium is self-passivating. A thickness of 80-100 Angstroms of oxide is all that will form on the surface. Prior to using indium in a sealing or cold welding...(read more)
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Gold Tin The Unique Eutectic Solder Alloy (.pdf)
The eutectic gold-tin alloy is 80%Au/20%Sn with a eutectic of 280°C (556°F) and is reflowed in a pure nitrogen or forming gas* atmosphere, which forms the "flux", normally onto gold based...(read more)
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How to use Fusible Alloys (.pdf)
Fusible alloys are materials that melt at less then 300°F, well below the melting point of tin-lead eutectic solders and SAC alloys. Bismuth is the major component of many of these alloys and...(read more)
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Indium Cold Welding (.pdf)
Indium has the unique ability to cold weld to itself. If the surfaces have been coated with indium (minimum 0.002"-0.003"), they can be joined by following this procedure...(read more)
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Indium for Sealing (.pdf)
Indium is an ideal material to create a compression seal due to its softness. It remains malleable and ductile even at cryogenic temperatures. Alloys containing high amounts of indium are sometimes...(read more)
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Indium/Copper Intermetallics (.pdf)
Indium and copper diffuse into one another creating brittle intermetallic formations that could cause failures in applications that are sensitive to shock or thermal cycling....(read more)
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Indium/Lead Soldering to Gold (.pdf)
Many components and printed circuit boards are plated with varying thicknesses of gold ranging from a fl ash, (10-15 microinches,) to several hundred microinches. To produce an acceptable joint when...(read more)
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Physical Constants of Pure Indium (.pdf)
Indium, the 49th element, was discovered in Germany in 1863. In 1934, Indium Corporation of America was the first to begin commercial development of indium, and is still the leading refiner,...(read more)
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The Use of Indium Chemicals in Alkaline Battery Manufacturing (.pdf)
Indium is commonly used in the manufacture of alkaline batteries. Indium functions by coating the individual zinc particles of the cathode with a thin coating of indium metal. When the battery is...(read more)
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Stainless Steel
Anyone who lives by the ocean knows that stainless steel is not stain proof but just what it says, it stains less. In the presence of a strong chloride ion (found in the air by the ocean) the iron in...(read more)
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Metal Floors - White Paper
The term "Metal Floors" brings to mind a wide variety of products. One of the first Web sites that comes up on Google for the term "Metal Floors" talks about luxury housing trends...(read more)
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A Hierachical Initation Mechanism Approach to Modeling Fatigue Life Variability in 35CO-35NI-10MO Alloy Medical Grade Fine Wire (.pdf)
Many cardiac stimulation lead systems use wires comprising alloy MP35NTM1 or a clean melt version known as 35N LT?2. At an average human heart rate of sixty beats per minute, these wire systems...(read more)
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Characterizing Fatigue Response of Nickel-Titanium (.pdf)
Fatigue information has been reliable in predicting wire critical structural integrity. The aim of this study is to expound on the characterization technique of rotary beam fatigue testing (RBT). By...(read more)
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Fatigue Performance of Nitinol Round Wire with Varying Cold Work Reductions (.pdf)
The role of cold work reduction and its effect on fatigue properties are examined by means of rotary beam fatigue testing. In this study, processing parameters from the initial ingot to the final size...(read more)
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Structure-Property Relationships in Conventional and Nanocrystalline NiTi Intermetallic Alloy Wire (.pdf)
Homogeneous 177-lm diameter nanocrystalline Nitinol wires were produced and compared to microcrystalline Nitinol from equivalent ingot stock. Property measurement was carried out using cyclic tension...(read more)
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FlexMetal Catalyst Technologies (.pdf)
A new family of automotive three-way conversion (TWC) catalyst technologies has been developed using a Precision Metal Addition (PMA) process. Precious metal (PGM) fixation onto the support occurs...(read more)
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Glossary of Forging Terms
Common terms used in forging, also a good metallurgical introduction....(read more)
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Carbon Paraequilibrium in Austenitic Stainless Steel
Carburization of austenitic stainless steels under paraequilibriumconditions-i.e., at (low) temperatures where there is essentially no substitutional diffusion-leads to a family of steels with...(read more)
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Advantages of Forging
Forging Solutions Design Engineering Additional case studies How Forgings Compare to Other Processes Fatigue Performance Comparison of Competing Manufacturing Processes...(read more)
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FIA - Forging Facts
What is forging? Why use forgings and where are they used? Who buys forgings How big is the forging industry? How many people are employed by the forging industry? What metals are forged? What...(read more)
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How to Buy Forgings (.pdf)
Close cooperation between buyers and producers of forgings has always been a vital part of achieving the best possible product at the lowest possible cost. With major advances in forging methods and...(read more)
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Allowing for Fracture Toughness in the Use of Zirconium (.pdf)
Designers of equipment incorporating load-bearing parts made of zirconium should account for its comparatively low facture-toughness. The paper summarizes the current knowledge of zirconium...(read more)
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Case Studies in Developing Compact Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Designs with Titanium Finned Tube (.pdf)
The use of titanium integral finned tube in shell and tube heat exchanger design contributes greatly to the development of compact designs. The increase in shellside heat transfer surface area,...(read more)
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Choosing the Right Material: Reactive Metals versus Stainless Steels or Nickel Alloys (.pdf)
Allegheny Ludlum produces a wide ranger of corrosion-resistant rolled products from nickel and titanium alloys and standard and proprietary stainless steels. Choice of the optimum material for a given...(read more)
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Consideration on Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint of Zirconium and Titanium Tubular Heat Exchanger (.pdf)
The tube-to-tubesheet joint is considered to be one of the most important and critical portions of tubular type heat exchangers. When reactive metal tubes, such as zirconium and titanium, are used in...(read more)
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Corrosion Resistance of Zirconium with Silicon Additions (.pdf)
Silicon addition to zirconium may improve its corrosion resistance. Silicon precipitates as ZR3Si at concentrations above 10 ppm and to be effective, the silicon should be in solution. Zirconium...(read more)
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Design and Procurement of Zirconium Column Internals (.pdf)
The design and procurement of zirconium pressure vessels and heat exchangers has become commonplace recently and many fabricators worldwide are capable of supplying them. Pressure vessels that require...(read more)
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Evaluation of U-bends in Welded Ti Tubing (.pdf)
It is often advantageous to use U-bend tubes in industrial heat exchangers, but the integrity of the bends is a primary concern, especially with materials sensitive to fabrication....(read more)
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Factors Influencing Charpy Impact Resistance of Zirconium 702 (.pdf)
This paper reviews current work performed by OWC to better characterize significant factors influencing impact toughness of zirconium 702, as determined by Charpy impact testing. In Part I, an...(read more)
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Flowforming of Zirconium and Titanium Pipe (.pdf)
Flowforming in an advanced, cold forming process for manufacturing dimensionally precise, axially symmetrical, hollow components. The final shapes can be cylindrical, conical, ogival and contoured....(read more)
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Hydrometallurgical Applications of Titanium-Clad Steel (.pdf)
Titanium is the material of choice for corrosion control in many hydrometallurgy processes. Titanium provides superior corrosion protection in autoclaves and support vessels for pressure acid leaching...(read more)
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Investment Casting of Zr and Ti (.pdf)
The pumps and valves used in the chemical process industry must withstand highly corrosive media, often at high temperatures and pressures. Alloys of titanium and zirconium are needed for many...(read more)
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Lower Cost Ruthenium-Enhanced Titanium Alloys for Severe Chemical Service (.pdf)
Two ruthenium-enhanced titanium alloys, ASTM Grades 26 and 27 containing nominally 0.10-0.12 wt.% Ru, are significantly less expensive than Ti-Pd alloys in mill product forms, because of the lower,...(read more)
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Managing a Zirconium Project (.pdf)
Life Cycle Costing of equipment has increase the usage of zirconium over other lower priced alloys. The decision to select zirconium as a material of choice in a large capital project requires careful...(read more)
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New Perspective of Flux Assisted GTA Welding in Titanium Structures (.pdf)
Welded titanium structures are exposed to severe conditions in corrosive environments. Titanium alloys are sensitive to grain growth and atmospheric contamination during welding. Gas tungsten arc...(read more)
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Niobium (Nb) for Hot Concentrated Nitric Acid: Material Selection & Field Experiences with Nb-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers (.pdf)
The highly acid, oxidizing conditions in parts of nitric acid plants severely tax conventional materials such as high-purity aluminum and high-silicon stainless steel. Long-term field-testing of these...(read more)
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Hydrogen Absorption Embrittlement of Tantalum and Life Management in Chemical Plant (.pdf)
Tantalum (Ta) shows excellent corrosion resistant. However, tantalum is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This paper presents a failure analysis of tanalum thermometer sheath-tube used in...(read more)
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Pitting Corrosion of Zirconium 702 in Hot, Dilute Sulfuric Acid Contaminated with Copper (.pdf)
Severe pitting corrosion is zirconium (UNS No. R60702) reboiler tubes was experienced in hot dilute sulfuric acid. The zirconium 702 tubes had operated with no corrosion for several years. In an...(read more)
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Practical Applications of Clad Materials in Chemical Process Environments (.pdf)
The use of reactive metals in chemical process environments is increasing because of increased awareness that they withstand corrosion attack in aggressive organic and inorganic chemicals....(read more)
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Recent Applications of Reactive Metals in the Hydrometallurgy Environment (.pdf)
High temperature and high pressure processes continue to gain acceptance in the hydrometallurgical processing of more and more minerals. High pressure acid leaching and pressure oxidation have proved...(read more)
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Recent Developments in Characterization of Titanium-Steel Explosion Bond Interface (.pdf)
This paper presents the process variables, then the initial work of the NOBLECLAD - ENIT program on the titanium-steel bond. Analysis of samples of titanium-steel in both the as-clad condition and...(read more)
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Recent Developments in Zirconium-Steel Explosion Clad (.pdf)
Due to its superior corrosion resistance, zirconium is the material of choice for many aggressive chemical processes. Zirconium is used in pressure vessels, heat exchangers, columns, piping, etc....(read more)
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Stategies for Failure Analysis (.pdf)
The procedure for determining failure cause is described, starting with the history of the failed material, documentation of the failure circumstances and emphasis on proper methods for acquisition,...(read more)
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Tantalum, Niobium and Zirconium as Corrosion Resistant Materials (.pdf)
Tantalum, niobium and zirconium are known as refactory metals because their melting points are greater than that of platinum, 1750 C. The high melting point combined with excellent corrosion...(read more)
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Tantalum: Properties and Typical Uses (.pdf)
Tantlum is a metal little known to most of the metallurgical community. Its properties are often misunderstood and misrepresented. A general description of the properties of tantalum and its alloy NRC...(read more)
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The Changing Industrial Environment and Materials Selection (.pdf)
The competitive global environment provides a key economic driver to use reactive metals in corrosive conditions. Economics are dictated by POE, unit costs, maintenance cost, reliability, and life...(read more)
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The Cost Effective Use of Titanium in CPI Construction (.pdf)
Titanium applications in the chemical industry (CPI) are described from its introduction to its present diverse usage. Its performance, properties and life-cycle costs are compared with competitive...(read more)
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The DRA-VEAT Advanced Method in Directional Solidification of Eutectics for MMC Systems (.pdf)
Useful grain refinement can be obtained when an alloy is electromagnetically vibrated during solidification under favourable conditions, primarily involving the amplitude of the oscillating pressure....(read more)
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The Materials Engineer View on Practical Applications and Potential Pitfalls in Titanium and Tantalum (.pdf)
Use of titanium and tantalum in corrosive service can yield considerable savings. To avoid costly problems, appropriate care must be taken in materials and in fabrication, and operating and...(read more)
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TI045NB: A Material of Construction for Wet Oxidation Processes (.pdf)
High-temperature oxidation of wastes in water solutions can improve biodegrability. The corrosive conditions used can initiate combustion of preferred corrosion-resistant materials. This paper...(read more)
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Titanium & Zirconium Rammed Graphite Castings for Industrial Applications (.pdf)
This paper describes the production of rammed graphite titanium and zirconium castings. This process is similar to the sand casting process used to cast many common iron base alloys. Issues such as...(read more)
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Titanium Experience in Refining and Chemical Processes (.pdf)
Several case histories involving titanium heat exchangers in refinery and chemical plant services are discussed. These experiences illustrate some of the limitations of titanium in the aggressive...(read more)
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Zirconium/Titanium/Carbon Steel Tri-clad Reactor for Acetic Acid Plant in BP Amoco Process (.pdf)
A zirconium/titanium/carbon steel tri-clad reactor has been specified for the first time in the BP Chemicals acetic technology. The plant is under construction by BP Petronas Acetyls SDN. BHD in...(read more)
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Colossal Carbon Supersaturation in Austenitic Stainless Steels Carburized at Low Temperature (.pdf)
A novel, low-temperature (470°C) gas-phase carburization treatment, developed by the Swagelok Company, increases the surface hardness of 316 austenitic stainless steels from 200 to 1000 HV25 and...(read more)
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Hard Case of Stainless (.pdf)
New process for surface hardening of stainless steel without compromising corrosion resistance. From Mechanical Engineering magazine...(read more)
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Alloy Testing and Selection for a Novel Chlorosulfonic Acid Environment (.pdf)
During the scale-up of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), materials of construction issues were of high importance due to the extremely aggressive nature of the reaction mixture and the...(read more)
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An Introduction to ASTM B898, The Reactive and Refractory Metal Clad Specification (.pdf)
In 1999 the ASTM B10 committee Task Force on Clad Metal completed development and approvals of a specification covering Reactive and Refractory Metal Clad Plate. The task force effort included...(read more)
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Comparative Corrosion Resistance of RU- and Pd- Modified C.P. Titanium Alloys (.pdf)
Laboratory corrosion testing was utilized to directly compare the reducing acid crevice, and anodic pitting corrosion and hydrogen absorption resistance of six commercial Pd- and Ru-modified C.P....(read more)
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Continuing Innovation in Zirconium Explosion Clad Manufacturing (.pdf)
Zirconium clad plates provide the excellent corrosion resistance of zirconium combined with the high mechanical properties and easy fabrication of steel base metal. Explosion cladding (also, known as...(read more)
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Corrosion Wear Behavior of Zirconium in Hot Sulfide Containing Electrolytes (.pdf)
The synergistic effect between corrosion and wear was determined for zirconium 702 in an aqueous medium. Zirconium 702 with a pickled surface treatment and zirconium 702 with an air oxidized surface...(read more)
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Effects of Tin Content in Zirconium (.pdf)
Tin may be a major impurity in UNS R 60702 or Zr 702. The presence of tin in Zr 702 results from the addition of Zircaloy recycle in the production process. This practice may yield a few benefits,...(read more)
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Experiences With the Fabrication and Service Behavior of Components Made of TI and ZR in the Chemical Process Industry (.pdf)
Ti and TiPd 0,2, as well as Zr 702 are metals with excellent corrosion resistance in many aggressive media handled in the chemical process industry, including strongly oxidizing media, mineral and...(read more)
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Exploiting Corrosion Resistance by Materials Selection (.pdf)
The paper gives an overview of how the material selection process must capture the requirements of all aspects of the design, manufacture, operation and maintenance activities to arrive at an...(read more)
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Forty Years of Corrosion Solutions: A Retrospective View of the Chemical Process Industries (.pdf)
The chemical process industries are facing an increasing squeeze between labor and raw materials costs and product prices that are rising less rapidly. As a result, productivity increases are...(read more)
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How the Application of Refractory Materials Have Offered the Petrochemical Industry Greater Efficiencies (.pdf)
Several case histories in sulfuric acid are used to illustrate the potential for zirconium to increase manufacturing efficiency by reducing operating and maintenance costs in the petrochemical...(read more)
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Inspection and Repair of Zirconium Equipment During Turnaround (.pdf)
Zirconium alloys R60702 and R60705 have been used for many years in the chemical process industry to solve corrosion problems. Although the alloys have been ASME Code approved for many years and also...(read more)
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Localized Corrosion of Cast Zr 702 (.pdf)
There have been a few specific services where random, unexplained, localized corrosion of cast zirconium equipment has occurred. This localized attack is more than can be explained by traditional...(read more)
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Machining and Forming Operations for Zirconium (.pdf)
Zirconium is a hard, shiny, grayish white metal. With its superior corrosion resistance capabilities, it has increasingly become the material of choice in the fabrication of chemical processing...(read more)
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Metallographic Techniques for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys (.pdf)
Teledyne Wah Chang Albany (TWCA) is a major supplier of zirconium, hafnium, niobium, titanium and vanadium metals and their alloys. Commercial application of these products ranges from the use of...(read more)
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Niobium Solves a Rupture Disk Corrosion Problem (.pdf)
Rupture disks have been used for many years to protect pressure vessels from being over pressured. In addition to being used alone, the ASME Code also allows them to be used at the inlets of pressure...(read more)
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Portable Hardness Test Technology for Assessing Titanium Weld Quality (.pdf)
Portable hardness testing technology was developed in this project and was based on an oxygen equivalent (OE) database for CP titanium weld metals. The database was created by testing the properties...(read more)
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Reactive Metals for Specialized Industrial Applications (.pdf)
The family of elements, known as the reactive metals, consist of Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium (Group IV B), Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum (Group V B). All but Vanadium exhibit a tenaciously adherent,...(read more)
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Reactor Grade Zirconium Alloys for Nuclear Waste Disposal (.pdf)
Zirconium is a commercially available refractory metal with excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, very low thermal neutron cross section, and can be manufactured using standard...(read more)
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The "Sun Z-R" Cladding Technology (.pdf)
This paper will discuss the criteria to be considered when selecting a cladded product for equipment such as pressure vessels, heat exchangers, columns and piping. The economics of SPF Sun Z-R...(read more)
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The Applications of Zr and Ti in the Zirconium Extraction Process (.pdf)
The process to extract zirconium from zircon sand requires use of many corrosive chemicals. A walk through the extraction process explains the chemicals involved. At each step, corrosion problems are...(read more)
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The Case for Specified Ranges of Interstitial Elements and Iron in Titanium Welding Filler Metal (.pdf)
The mechanical properties of the unalloyed titanium grades are determined by the content of interstitial elements, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, and iron. This paper reviews the chemistry of AWS...(read more)
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The Corrosion Properties of Zirconium in Chloride Salt Solutions (pdf)
Seawater or chloride salt solutions require a high level of corrosion resistance in metalhc materials. Conventional metals are susceptible to local corrosion such as pitting, crevice corrosion and...(read more)
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The Effect of Process Impurities on the Corrosion Resistance of Zirconium and Titanium: Case Histories (.pdf)
Titanium and zirconium have been used successfully in the Chemical Process Industry for years. They can be used in a wide variety of chemical processes, both oxidizing and reducing in nature. However,...(read more)
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The Use of Inhibitors for Chmical Cleaning of Industrial Equipment (.pdf)
Corrosion resistant alloys are frequently specified for the construction of industrial process equipment such as heat exchangers, digesters in paper mills, reactors, and condensing units as well as in...(read more)
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Thermomechanical Working of AL-6XN© Alloy for High Strength Corrosion Resistant Applications (.pdf)
AL-6XN® alloy is a low carbon, high purity nitrogen bearing "super-austenitic" stainless alloy. The high strength and corrosion resistance of annealed AL-6XN alloy make it a better choice than...(read more)
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Titanium and Zirconium Castings (.pdf)
In 1957,Oregon Metallurgical Corporation (Oremet), Albany, Oregon, built the world 's first titanium casting foundry. In 1991,Oremet and Wah Chang, a reactive metals manufacturer, collaborated on a...(read more)
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Tube to Tubesheet Joints: The Many Choices (.pdf)
After a decision has been made to use zirconium as the material of construction for a shell and tube heat exchanger, one must take into account the process design parameters and other considerations...(read more)
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Understanding Hydrogen - Tantalum & Niobium Materials of Construction (.pdf)
Little has been published on the effects of hydrogen on Tantalum and Niobium materials of construction for pressure related equipment. It has been found that the presence of hydrogen, or media...(read more)
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Using Titanium, Zirconium and Nickel Alloy Threaded Fasteners (.pdf)
Titanium, zirconium, and nickel alloy threaded fasteners make excellent mechanical joints. Like any materials, however, they have advantages and disadvantages. There are some design, procurement, and...(read more)
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Versatility Makes Titanium Popular in the Chemical Process Industries (.pdf)
Titanium is a household name now due to the popularity of certain products, such as golf clubs, jewelry and leisure goods. Its once exotic image is long gone. Titanium's popularity can be attributed...(read more)
