Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 1185
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Detector Normalized Angular Response (.pdf)
The normalized angular response for a thermopile detector is shown....(read more)
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Effects of Encapsulating Gas on Thermopile Detectors (.pdf)
Most thermopiles are hermetically sealed with an inert gas in the package at one atmosphere pressure. The selection of encapsulating ga allows customization of detector output sensitivity and time...(read more)
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Introduction to Thermopile Detectors (.pdf)
The basic principles and nomenclature of thermopile detectors are explained. There is also an explanation of the types of thermopile detectors available from Dexter Research, as well as an abbreviated...(read more)
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Temperature Compensation of a DC Radiometer (.pdf)
Since a thermopile is an array of thermocouples, the temperature of the cold junction of the thermocouple must be known to provide an accurate temperature measurement. This brief describes a method...(read more)
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Thermopile Detector Comparison: Thin Film vs. Silicon (.pdf)
Typical amplifier circuits for use with thermopile detectors are shown....(read more)
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Brooks Instrument Sends its Quantim Flow Controller into Space (.pdf)
Delivering saline solution to a clinic for medical needs ... sounds simple enough, right? Not when that clinic is on the International Space Station, the moon or even Mars. Transporting medical fluids...(read more)
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Tank Level Measurement
Submersible or above ground pressure transducers can be used for tank level measurements. Application specific circumstances dictate which approach is most feasible. For example, buried tanks usually...(read more)
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Understanding SDA II Jitter Calculation Methods (.pdf)
LeCroy's SDA II Serial Data Analysis Package includes revised jitter calculation methods and enhancements to the SDA user interface and feature set. In SDA II, the jitter calculation methods now...(read more)
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Water Level Sensing Using the Hydrostatic Technique (.pdf)
Water level monitoring is an important parameter in many municipal, environmental and process applications. In each case, the measurement technique and the hardware required must be carefully chosen...(read more)
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Photoionization (.pdf)
This article is written from the perspective of an environmental professional. It focuses on those aspects of photoionization that aid in the understanding and selection of portable instrumentation...(read more)
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Safety Ventilation to Reduce Costs (.pdf)
This white paper discusses how to safely use flammability monitoring to effectively automate damper controls and reduce the costs of owning and operating ovens and dryers....(read more)
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Factors to Consider When Selecting an LVDT
With the myriad of linear position sensors available on today's market, selecting the right LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)for an application involves two high level choices, based on...(read more)
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LVDT Position Sensors for Large Multi-Mirror Astronomical Telescopes
In newer astronomical observatories, the mirrors used in reflecting telescopes are not single mirrors cast in one piece like in the older telescopes, but in fact they use small mirror segments that...(read more)
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LVDT Position Sensors For Use With Pneumatic Cylinders
There are two general applications to use LVDTs with pneumatic cylinders described here:...(read more)
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LVDTs to Measure Liquid Level with a Float
Typically, liquid level measuring devices use the column height times the liquid density, which is pressure, to measure relatively large liquid levels....(read more)
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LVDTs Used In Power Generation Plants
When discussing power plants, the common applications for LVDTs and derivative products like LVRTs are measuring valve positions in steam turbines and gas turbines. There are also some applications...(read more)
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Using LVDTs for Detecting Shorted Turns in Bobbin Windings - An unusual application
This application was originated when detecting shorted turns in an LVDT was necessary. When manufacturing an LVDT it is important to obtain low null voltage. In some cases it is impossible to obtain a...(read more)
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Application Report: WhiteWave Foods
WhiteWave Foods in Mount Crawford, VA undertook a major effort to improve the reliability and performance of tank level gauging. Taking a systematic approach to the issue, they contacted King after...(read more)
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Application Report: Environmental Recovery Corp.
Environmental Recovery Corporation processes a wide variety of non-hazardous waste materials generated by industries located in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S. This includes...(read more)
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Diversified Technologies for Fixed Gas Detection (.pdf)
The development of new gas detection technologies and advances in fire and gas safety methodologies have prompted a new thinking about the role of technology diversity in system effectiveness. Like...(read more)
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MEMs for High Precision - That's SensonNor Technologies AS (.pdf)
During the past ten years, the MEMS sensor technology has played a more and more dominant role within automotive and consumer volume applications. The reason is obvious, and explained by the superior...(read more)
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A Temperature Sensor That Really Can Stand the Heat
Temperature sensors with integrated transmitters are increasingly being used in applications where they must be able to withstand intense working conditions. Danfoss' robust MBT 3560 is proving to be...(read more)
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Cruising Through the Pressure Transmitter Selection Process (.pdf)
Technology tradeoffs, application pitfalls, and cost-benefit evaluation Mobile and stationary applications are becoming increasingly automated, requiring high-performance sensors and transmitters to...(read more)
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CS Pressure Switch Keeps Air Compressors Safe
Based near Seoul, Korea, Kyungwon Machinery has over 35 years' experience in manufacturing air compressors for the domestic and international market. Over the years Danfoss pressure switches have...(read more)
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Danfoss helps Chilean Salmon Industry from Start to Finish
With a population of 15 million, Chile is relatively small by Latin American standards, but it's an important market for Danfoss. Although Chile does not have massive production facilities, there are...(read more)
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Getting Tough with Danfoss Temperature Sensors
Rigorous testing with unique, tailor-made measuring equipment has improved the key performance criteria of Danfoss' EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) temperature sensors. Now Danfoss temperature sensors...(read more)
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Leadless Chip NTC Thermistor Reliabilty Report: Pump Laser Module (.pdf)
This report presents the qualification results of the [Name Withheld] Pump Laser Module, Rev. 2. This report updates the results presented in the previous report [1]. This module is similar to [Name...(read more)
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Life Test Stability/Aging Data Obtained from Two Studies (.pdf)
To prepare the product for testing, Cornerstone Sensors' customer assembled Cornerstone's T021D103.02.H leadless chip thermistors into the customer's package. The customer used propriety methods to...(read more)
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Mercury Free Products Secure Business in US Market
When US firm The Fulton Companies decided to stop using pressure switches with mercury, it approached Danfoss for a replacement. However, Danfoss' product lacked a key approval standard for the US...(read more)
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Prevent Mechanical Damage Before it's Too Late - Temperature Sensors for Hydraulic Systems
A report from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) states that US companies spend billions of dollars each year repairing damage caused by mechanical wear. There are many things companies...(read more)
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Reliability Study Conducted: Leadless Chip Thermistor with High Temperature Solder Leach Resistant Gold Contacts, Die Mounted with Eutectic Au/Sn Solder by Customer (.pdf)
This report is a summary of the information contained in the full report with the file name "CornerstoneT041ThermReliabilityReport.pdf," which came from a customer of Cornerstone Sensors, hereinafter...(read more)
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Reliable Temperature Control Protects Your Precious Engine
A marine engine is the heart of a ship - providing both propulsion and power generation. The consequences of engine failure while a long way from shore could be significant. That's why the temperature...(read more)
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Robust Sensors That Thrive in Harsh Environments
Experienced in the manufacturer of mobile hydraulic products, Danfoss understands the demands of running machinery in extreme environments. Our components are made to withstand rugged conditions. And...(read more)
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Solid Product Design and Superior Support Help Danfoss Break into Biomass Market
The largest US manufacturer of biomass-fired boiler systems - Hurst Boiler (Coolidge, GA) - has selected Danfoss pressure and temperature switches, solenoid valves and pressure transmitters....(read more)
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Switch to Safety When Explosions are a Risk
For many compressor manufacturers, the Danfoss RT pressure switch is a trusted component, renowned for its safety and reliability. With a manual reset feature, the RT is recommended for safety...(read more)
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Using Customer Knowledge to Create the Most User-Friendly Boiler Controls
The new BCP pressure switch for steam and hot water boilers is characterised by its outstanding user-friendliness. The switch is the result of an intensive product development programme based on...(read more)
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Why Danfoss is the Ideal Partner for Tough Applications in the Food Industry
In the food industry, choosing the right, high quality components for production processes and supply management is vital. With its extensive product range, which includes components for pressure and...(read more)
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Headphone Ergonomics
Designing comfortable fitting headphones can be a challenging task. Product design engineers must be able to design a product that is comfortable across a vast population of people, while keeping...(read more)
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PID+ Gas Sensor Whitepaper (.pdf)
PID+ is a minaturised chemical sensor that builds upon and extends the capability of Photo Ionization Detectors (PID) commonly used in industrial, military and homeland security applications. How does...(read more)
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Position Sensing Primer: Direct vs. Indirect Load Monitoring
In closed-loop motion control systems, direct load sensing eliminates backlash, non-linearity, and hysteresis as sources of inaccuracy - and saves money along the way....(read more)
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Providing Steam Isolation & Temperature Protection
All pressure transducers installed on steam lines should be isolated from the steam to protect them from damage. A steam pigtail syphon (such as the MODEL PT) may be used for this purpose....(read more)
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Temperature Conversion Chart
To convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Centigrade, locate the number in the center column corresponding to the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and read the equivalent temperature in degrees...(read more)
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Thermographic Liquid Crystals in Research and Testing (.pdf)
The use of thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) products in research and testing continues to grow. The main application areas are in flow visualization and heat transfer studies, although the materials...(read more)
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Flow Measurement
Measuring chilled water (or condenser water, or hot water) flow in your system can't be that difficult, can it? After all, you just stick some kind of flow measurement device in your pipe and read its...(read more)
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Hazardous Atmospheres: An Introduction
Automation dealers are continuing to gain business that was once reserved only for specialty and industrial contractors. It's a trend that is accelerating very rapidly, and the fastest growth is in...(read more)
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Measuring Air Flow
Building Automation Systems are often required to measure the actual air flow in air handling systems. Although there are many ways to measure air flow, the two most commonly used with BAS systems are...(read more)
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Sensing and Controlling Humidity
In the energy control business it is usually necessary to monitor humidity, as well as temperature. Sensing humidity cannot be done as easily or as accurately as temperature sensing. For example, a...(read more)
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The pH Factor: Why Measure (.pdf)
Often, the first question asked regarding measurement and control of pH is "What exactly is pH anyhow?" The "p" in pH is actually a mathematical symbol for the negative logarithm, and the "H"...(read more)
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Balancing A Variable Flow Water System Will Ruin the Control System
Many seminars and technical sessions have been held to outline procedures for balancing variable flow water systems. Most of these sessions recommend "Proportional Balance." When this technique is...(read more)
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Designing & Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (.pdf)
Direct return Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (VFHS) must be designed to be self-balancing. However, in practice many design engineers will use customary pipe sizing routines, piping detail drawings,...(read more)
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Do Averaging Sensors Average? (.pdf)
An averaging temperature sensor (ATS) is generally used to maintain the design mixed air temperature of an airside economizer system. These devices can have sensing elements from 5 to 50 feet long and...(read more)
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Innovative Encoders for Demanding Applications (.pdf)
As tools for measuring rotary motion in machinery, magnetic rotary encoders have a lot to offer. They are compact, robust and relatively inexpensive. For these reasons, simple magnetic rotation...(read more)
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Pressure Gauge Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for pressure gauges, as well as how to install a gauge....(read more)
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Thermometer Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for thermometers, as well as how to install a thermometer....(read more)
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Gauge Configurations for High Temperature Applications (.pdf)
140° F is the maximum recommended ambient media temperature for NOSHOK pressure gauges with brass wetted parts, and 212° F for gauges with stainless steel wetted parts. For applications in which...(read more)
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How To Choose The Correct Hazardous Location Approved Pressure Transmitter in the Offshore Oil Industry (.pdf)
As offshore oil efforts push ever further into remote and inaccessible locations to find new oil sources, the equipment used in exploration, drilling and production has become increasingly complex,...(read more)
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Three Process Conditions That Affect Accuracy And Performance Of Pressure Gauges (.pdf)
This article outlines several factors influencing the accuracy of a pressure gauge, and offers solutions on how to manage those influences for maximum gauge performance. The technology used in today's...(read more)
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Core Technology Series Part 3: Multivariable Mass Vortex (.pdf)
This white paper, part 3 of Sierra's core technology series, explores the mechanics and science that make up a multivariable vortex meter by showing the evolution from the original idea of a vortex...(read more)
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Part 2: Ultrasonic -- Advanced Transit-Time Measurement Technology (.pdf)
The Core Technology White Paper Series is a four part series detailing the flow technologies that allow Sierra to offer a flow solution for nearly any gas, liquid and steam application. Part 2 of the...(read more)
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Capacitance Sensing Made Easy (.pdf)
Capacitive sensors can be divided into two categories based upon their performance and intended use. High resolution ca¬pacitance sensors are typically used in displacement and position monitoring...(read more)
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Demystifying Torque: What You Should Know About Torque Control & Its Impact on the Bottom Line
To many manufactures, the concept of torque is a mystery. Ask them to describe the physics of torque and you'll likely meet a blank stare. Cracking open a dictionary won't help much either. To the...(read more)
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Adding a Tiny Position Sensor to Existing Digital Still Cameras Reduces Power Use, Improves Autofocus and Zoom Performance
New Scale Technologies has released a new application note describing how lens systems in digital still cameras and video cameras can be improved with the addition of a tiny new position sensor. The...(read more)
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Eliminating NVH (.pdf)
When consumers shell out $10,000 or more for a new car, they have little tolerance for unexpected engine noise and vibration. Trouble is, today's vehicle technology has made controlling noise,...(read more)
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Keys to Successful Engine NVH Testing (.pdf)
Many factors are driving the need for automotive manufacturers to implement more stringent noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) testing. Consumer tolerance for any perceived noise is minimal. The...(read more)
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Better Combustion Airflow Monitoring at the Hunan Yiyang Power Plant
China has experienced tremendous growth in electricity demand over the past two decades. Coal-fired plant construction has exploded in the country to meet its seemingly insatiable appetite for...(read more)
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Applications: Thermal Control Device Selection - Temperature Control
Temperature Control functionality is when a thermal control is utilized in an application to control or regulate the temperature of a "heated" application. The primary function of the thermal control...(read more)
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Cantilever Bimetallic - Types of Thermal Controls, Techical Article
These devices utilize a bimetallic element to make or break a circuit. The heart of these devices lie in the bimetallic element. This element is made from specially bonded materials that react...(read more)
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Defining Thermostats and Thermal Protectors - Application Reference
A question which can confuse the most seasoned engineering veteran involved with new product development. The terminology that is used for most thermal control devices is dependent on how it has been...(read more)
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Disc-Type Bimetallic Devices - Types of Thermal Controls, Techical Article
Disc-type bimetallic devices get their name from the shape of the bimetallic element that is utilized in these devices. The bimetallic element is generally round in shape and is then specially formed...(read more)
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Solid StateThermal Devices- Types of Thermal Control Devices, Techical Article
Solid state and Electronic type control devices cover a variety of applications. The products used for these applications can range from individual temperature sensors comprised of various materials...(read more)
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Thermal Fuses- Types of Thermal Control Devices, Techical Article
Thermal fuses are the least versatile type in the thermal control family of devices. These devices are commonly referred to as "One-shots" or one time use type control....(read more)
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14-Dioxane App Note.pdf (.pdf)
Low level detection of 1,4-dioxane is required in many labs. The detection limits change with regulatory requirements and can vary from state to state and country to country. As instrument sensitivity...(read more)
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The History of the Accelerometer (.pdf)
The History of the Accelerometer: 1920s-1996 - Prologue and Epilogue, 2006 Patrick L. Walter, Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, Texas...(read more)
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Analog Sensing: Where and How It's Used (.pdf)
When sensing metal objects, sometimes the standard inductive proximity sensor simply doesn't cut it. For instance when sensing a rotary cam - the oblong shape necessitates a sensor that can detect the...(read more)
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Applying Sensors and Cordsets in Welding Environments (.pdf)
How often are sensors replaced in resistance welding applications? Imagine several sensors on several machines, all with a different degree of exposure to welding operations. This could be anywhere...(read more)
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Capacitive Sensors Help Solve Difficult Level Applications (.pdf)
Capacitive sensors can sense through lower dielectric materials, such as plastic or glass, to detect higher dielectric materials, like liquids. This allows capacitive sensors to detect the level of...(read more)
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Die Protection for Metal Stamping Operations (.pdf)
In most industries, the need to improve the efficiency of processes is an imperative part of product manufacturing. This is becoming increasingly important in metal stamping facilities throughout the...(read more)
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Factor 1 Sensing for Metal Detection (.pdf)
Inductive proximity sensors are designed for wear-free and non-contact detection of metal objects. One of the first sensing technologies developed, these sensors are still widely used today and...(read more)
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Factor 1 Sensors: Proximity Sensors that Detect All Metals at the Same Range Without Adjustment (.pdf)
Standard proximity sensors have long been used on plant floors for metal detection. Whether to detect aluminum cans on a line or a steel gate on a tank, these sensors were one of the first implemented...(read more)
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IP Ratings for Proximity Sensors (.pdf)
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) established a classification system to rate the degree to which the enclosures of electrical components are sealed against the intrusion of foreign...(read more)
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Magnetic Inductive Flow Meters (.pdf)
Magnetic inductive flow meters use Faraday's law of inductance to measure flow rates in electrically conductive fluids. Other technologies used to measure flow rate include paddle wheel, vortex and...(read more)
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Mounting Flexibility with a Factor 1 Sensor (.pdf)
Traditional inductive proximity sensors are designed for wear-free and non-contact detection of metal objects. The sensor consists of a coil and ferrite core arrangement, an oscillator and detector...(read more)
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Proximity Sensing in Robotic Clamping Applications (.pdf)
Clamping applications often rely on sensors to detect whether the jaws or grippers are in the proper position - open or closed. Though other technologies can be used in place of sensors to determine...(read more)
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Proximity Sensing in Washdown Environments (.pdf)
Damp or humid industrial environments, or those that require frequent washdowns by water, foam or cleaning/disinfecting agents, produce adverse conditions for proximity sensors. It takes more than a...(read more)
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Proximity Sensors in Harsh Duty Environments: Are They Tough Enough? (.pdf)
Consider this: You are a designer for a bottler adding a new line. Frequent washdowns by cleaning/disinfecting agents require you to implement materials and devices able to stand up to these...(read more)
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Pt-100 Sensor Technology: Not Your Average Thermostat (.pdf)
There are quite a few devices commonly used to measure temperature in industrial applications. Thermocouples, thermistors and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are just a few commonly used...(read more)
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Radio Frequency Emissions Effect on Sensors (.pdf)
White noise on the plant floor can cause electrical interference that often affects the function of proximity sensors. This radio frequency (RF) "noise" is caused by the use of variable frequency...(read more)
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Tips to Reduce Your Sensor Stock (.pdf)
In a perfect automation world, sensors never need to be replaced. They never die, never get hit, and never suffer the effects of their environment. But in the real world this sort of thing happens all...(read more)
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Unraveling the Complexities of Level Detection (.pdf)
When it comes to using sensors for level detection, the parameters know no bounds. There is really no clear-cut sensor solution that can be implemented across all fi elds and/or applications. This is...(read more)
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Advancements in Technology for Multiturn Encoders
A single turn encoder is a transducer that precisely measures angular displacement over 360 degrees and assigns a value to each position. These values can be decimal, binary or grey code and the...(read more)
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Krytar Microwave Detectors 10 MHz to 40 GHz Testing and Term Definition (.pdf)
Krytar tests operation performance of detectors using an Automatic Network Analyzer which currently has the ability to measure performance of Krytar Detectors to 40 GHz....(read more)
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'Best Practice' Makes Sound Business Sense - How to Avoid the Real Cost of Non-Compliance in Static Control (.pdf)
The overall cost of non-compliance can stretch far beyond potential "savings" achieved by ignoring the risk of electrostatic ignitions or by using noncompliant static control methods....(read more)
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Accurate Gas Flow Measurement Improves Water Disinfection Process (.pdf)
Many of today's large urban water treatment plants rely upon sophisticated chlorination processes in order to provide clean, sanitary water to millions of consumers in the US and around the globe. The...(read more)
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Biogas Thermal Mass Flow Meter Improves Operation of S.P.M. Feed Company's Methane Recovery System (.pdf)
In all biogas recovery systems, measuring the flow rate of methane and other mixed gases is required to ensure effective and efficient operation of the digester process and effective operation of the...(read more)
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Controlling Static Electricity When Handling IBC's in Potentially Hazardous Atmospheres (.pdf)
The UK's Health & Safety Executive, in collaboration with the Chemical Business Association (CBA) and Solvent Industry Association (SIA) has issued general guidance outlining the type of assessments...(read more)
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Digester BioGas Flow Measurement (.pdf)
The engineers at a municipal wastewater treatment utility were expanding their biogas digester system and were seeking an improvement over their existing, maintenance-intensive flow metering...(read more)
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Ozone Gas Flow Monitoring for Water Treatment Systems (.pdf)
Many municipal water treatment plants utilize Ozone Treatment Systems to produce clean water for residential and industrial users. While all the various types of water treatment systems have their...(read more)
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Electronics and Algorithms for Rollover Sensing (.pdf)
Rollover sensing and discrimination generally requires an algorithm that monitors vehicle motion and anticipates conditions that will lead to a rollover. In general, a deploy command is required in a...(read more)
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The Development of a RTD Temperature Sensor for Exhaust Applications (.pdf)
A RTD (resistive temperature device) high temperature sensor was developed for exhaust gas temperature measurement. Extensive modeling and optimization was used to supplement testing in development....(read more)
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Ultrasonic Air Temperature Sensing for Automatic Climate Control - Vehicle Test (.pdf)
An ultrasonic air temperature sensor, intended to help improve automatic climate control (ACC), has been demonstrated in a vehicle. Ideally, ACC should be based on inputs correlated with thermal...(read more)
